Izindaba
Ingxoxo emfushane ngezinhlobo zamaseli elanga
Amandla elanga ake aba yingcina yemikhumbi-mkhathi ethuthukisiwe namanye amagajethi aphambili, kodwa lokho akusenjalo. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, amandla elanga ashintshile esuka ekubeni umthombo wamandla we-niche waba insika enkulu yezwe lamandla omhlaba.
Umhlaba uhlale uchayeke emisebeni yelanga elinganiselwa ku-173,000TW, okuyisilinganiso esiphindwe kashumi kunesidingo sikagesi esijwayelekile emhlabeni wonke.
[1] Lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla elanga anamandla okuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zethu zamandla.
Engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2023, ukuphehlwa kwamandla elanga kufinyelele ku-5.77% wesamba sikagesi wase-US, sisuka ku-4.95% ngo-2022.
[2] Nakuba izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi (ikakhulukazi igesi yemvelo namalahle) zizobalelwa ku-60.4% wokuphehlwa kukagesi wase-US ngo-2022,
[3] Kodwa ithonya elikhulayo lamandla elanga kanye nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bamandla elanga kufanele ukunakwa.
Njengamanje, kunezigaba ezintathu ezinkulu zamaseli elanga (aziwa nangokuthi amaseli e-photovoltaic (PV)) emakethe: icrystalline, ifilimu elincanyana, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusafufusa. Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zamabhethri zinezinzuzo zazo mayelana nokusebenza kahle, izindleko, kanye neminyaka yokuphila.
01 ikristalu
Amaphaneli elanga amaningi ophahleni lwasekhaya enziwe nge-silicon ye-monocrystalline ephezulu. Lolu hlobo lwebhethri luzuze ukusebenza kahle okungaphezu kuka-26% kanye nempilo yesevisi engaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 eminyakeni yakamuva.
[4] Ukusebenza kahle kwamanje kwamaphaneli elanga asekhaya cishe kungama-22%.
I-silicon ye-polycrystalline ibiza ngaphansi kwe-silicon ye-monocrystalline, kodwa ayisebenzi kahle futhi inokuphila okufushane. Ukusebenza kahle okuphansi kusho amaphaneli amaningi kanye nendawo eyengeziwe.
Amaseli elangangokusekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-multi-junction gallium arsenide (GaAs) busebenza kahle kakhulu kunamaseli elanga endabuko. Lawa maseli anesakhiwo esinezingqimba eziningi, futhi ungqimba ngalunye lisebenzisa into ehlukile, njenge-indium gallium phosphide (GaInP), i-indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) ne-germanium (Ge), ukuze limunce ubude bamaza obuhlukahlukene bokukhanya kwelanga. Nakuba lawa maseli e-multijunction kulindeleke ukuthi azuze ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, asahlushwa yizindleko eziphezulu zokukhiqiza kanye nokucwaninga nokuthuthuka okungakavuthwa, okukhawulela ukwenzeka kwawo kwezohwebo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo okungokoqobo.
02 ifilimu
Imikhiqizo ehamba phambili yefilimu emincane ye-photovoltaic emakethe yomhlaba wonke amamojula we-cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic. Izigidi zamamojula anjalo afakiwe emhlabeni jikelele, namandla okukhiqiza amandla angaphezu kuka-30GW. Asetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhiqiza amandla esikalini esisetshenziswayo e-United States. ifektri.
Kulobu buchwepheshe befilimu ezacile, imojuli yelanga yesikwele esingu-1 iqukethe i-cadmium encane kunebhethri lenickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) elingusayizi we-AAA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cadmium kumamojula elanga iboshelwe ku-tellurium, engancibiliki emanzini futhi ihlala izinzile emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-1,200 ° C. Lezi zici zehlisa izingozi ezinobuthi zokusebenzisa i-cadmium telluride kumabhethri amancane efilimu.
Okuqukethwe kwe-tellurium oqweqweni lomhlaba kuyizingxenye ezingu-0.001 kuphela ngesigidi. Njengoba nje i-platinum iyinto engavamile, ukutholakala kwe-tellurium kungathinta kakhulu izindleko ze-cadmium telluride module. Nokho, kungenzeka ukudambisa le nkinga ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokugaywa kabusha.
Ukusebenza kahle kwamamojula we-cadmium telluride kungafinyelela ku-18.6%, futhi ukusebenza kahle kwebhethri endaweni yaselabhorethri kungadlula ama-22%. [5] Ukusebenzisa i-arsenic doping esikhundleni se-copper doping, esisetshenziswe isikhathi eside, kungathuthukisa kakhulu impilo yemojuli futhi kufinyelele izinga eliqhathaniswa namabhethri ekristalu.
03 Ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa
Ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa be-photovoltaic obusebenzisa amafilimu amancane kakhulu (angaphansi kwe-micron engu-1) nezindlela zokubeka ngokuqondile zizonciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi zinikeze ama-semiconductors ekhwalithi ephezulu amaseli elanga. Lobu buchwepheshe kulindeleke ukuthi bube yizimbangi ezintweni ezisunguliwe njenge-silicon, i-cadmium telluride ne-gallium arsenide.
[6]Kunobuchwepheshe obuthathu befilimu ezacile obaziwa kakhulu kulo mkhakha: i-copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 noma CZTS), i-zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) kanye nama-carbon nanotubes anodonga olulodwa (SWCNT). Esimeni selabhorethri, amaseli elanga e-copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) afinyelele ukuphumelela okuphezulu okuhlaba umxhwele okungama-22.4%. Nokho, ukuphindaphinda amazinga anjalo okusebenza kahle esikalini sezentengiselwano kuseyinselele.
[7]Amaseli efilimu amancane we-lead halide perovskite awubuchwepheshe obukhangayo belanga obuvelayo. I-Perovskite iwuhlobo lwento enesakhiwo sekristalu esijwayelekile sefomula yamakhemikhali i-ABX3. Kuyiminerali ephuzi, ensundu noma emnyama ingxenye yayo eyinhloko i-calcium titanate (CaTiO3). Amaseli elanga elanga akhiqizwa yinkampani yase-UK i-Oxford PV athole ukusebenza kahle kwamarekhodi angama-28.6% futhi azongena ekukhiqizeni kulo nyaka.
[8]Eminyakeni embalwa nje, amaseli elanga e-perovskite azuze ukusebenza kahle okufana nalawo amaseli akhona e-cadmium telluride thin-film. Ocwaningweni lokuqala nokuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri e-perovskite, isikhathi sokuphila sasiyinkinga enkulu, sifushane kangangokuthi singabalwa kuphela ezinyangeni.
Namuhla, amaseli e-perovskite anempilo yesevisi yeminyaka engu-25 noma ngaphezulu. Njengamanje, izinzuzo zamaseli elanga e-perovskite zisebenza kahle kakhulu ukuguqulwa (ngaphezulu kuka-25%), izindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi adingekayo kwinqubo yokukhiqiza.
Ukwakha amaphaneli elanga ahlanganisiwe
Amanye amaseli elanga aklanyelwe ukuthwebula kuphela ingxenye ye-solar spectrum kuyilapho evumela ukukhanya okubonakalayo ukuba kudlule. Lawa maseli abonisa ngale abizwa ngokuthi amaseli elanga e-dye-sensitized solar (DSC) futhi azalelwa eSwitzerland ngo-1991. Imiphumela emisha ye-R&D eminyakeni yamuva nje ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwama-DSC, futhi kungase kungabi isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba lawa maphaneli elanga abe semakethe.
Ezinye izinkampani zifaka ama-nanoparticles angaphili ezingqimbeni zengilazi ze-polycarbonate. Ama-nanoparticles kulobu buchwepheshe ashintsha izingxenye ezithile ze-spectrum ziye emaphethelweni engilazi, okuvumela iningi le-spectrum ukuthi lidlule. Ukukhanya okugxiliswe emaphethelweni engilazi bese kusetshenziswa amaseli elanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa izinto zefilimu ezincane ze-perovskite kumafasitela elanga akhanyayo kanye nezindonga zangaphandle zokwakha zisafundwa.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezidingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla elanga
Ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla elanga, isidingo sokumbiwa kwezimayini ezibalulekile ezifana ne-silicon, isiliva, ithusi ne-aluminium sizokhula. UMnyango Wezamandla wase-US uthi cishe u-12% we-silicone yezinga le-metallurgical grade (MGS) icutshungulwa ibe yi-polysilicon kumaphaneli elanga.
I-China ingumdlali omkhulu kulo mkhakha, ikhiqiza cishe u-70% we-MGS yomhlaba kanye nama-77% okunikezwa kwayo kwe-polysilicon ngo-2020.
Inqubo yokuguqula i-silicon ibe yi-polysilicon idinga izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu. E-China, amandla alezi zinqubo avela ikakhulukazi emalahleni. I-Xinjiang inezinsiza eziningi zamalahle kanye nezindleko zikagesi eziphansi, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwe-polysilicon kubala u-45% wokukhiqiza emhlabeni jikelele.
[12]Ukukhiqizwa kwamaphaneli elanga kudla cishe u-10% wesiliva lomhlaba. Ukumbiwa kwesiliva kwenzeka ikakhulukazi eMexico, eChina, ePeru, eChile, e-Australia, eRussia nasePoland futhi kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinjengokungcoliswa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo kanye nokufuduka ngenkani kwemiphakathi yendawo.
Ukumba ithusi ne-aluminium nakho kubangela izinselele zokusebenzisa umhlaba. I-US Geological Survey iphawula ukuthi iChile yenza ama-27% okukhiqizwa kwethusi emhlabeni wonke, ilandelwa yiPeru (10%), iChina (8%) kanye neDemocratic Republic of Congo (8%). I-International Energy Agency (IEA) ikholelwa ukuthi uma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo emhlabeni wonke kufinyelela ku-100% ngo-2050, isidingo sethusi esivela kumaphrojekthi welanga sizocishe siphindwe kathathu.
[13]Isiphetho
Ingabe amandla elanga ngolunye usuku ayoba umthombo wethu wamandla oyinhloko? Intengo yamandla elanga iyehla futhi ukusebenza kahle kuyathuthuka. Okwamanje, kunezindlela eziningi ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe belanga ongakhetha kuzo. Sizohlonza nini ubuchwepheshe obubodwa noma obubili futhi sibenze busebenze ngempela? Indlela yokuhlanganisa amandla elanga kugridi?
Ukuvela kwamandla elanga ukusuka kokukhethekile kuye kwejwayelekile kugqamisa amandla awo okuhlangabezana nokudlula izidingo zethu zamandla. Ngenkathi amangqamuzana e-crystalline elanga elawula imakethe njengamanje, intuthuko kubuchwepheshe befilimu emincane kanye nobuchwepheshe obusafufusa obufana ne-cadmium telluride kanye ne-perovskites ivula indlela yokusetshenziswa kwelanga okusebenza kahle kakhulu nokuhlanganisiwe. Amandla elanga asabhekene nezinselelo eziningi, njengomthelela wemvelo wezimayini zempahla eluhlaza kanye nezingqinamba ekukhiqizeni, kodwa emva kwakho konke, imboni ekhula ngokushesha, emisha futhi ethembisayo.
Ngokulingana okulungile kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinqubo ezisimeme, ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla elanga kuzovula indlela yekusasa lamandla ahlanzekile, amaningi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izokhombisa ukukhula okubalulekile kungxube yamandla ase-US futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ibe yisixazululo esimeme emhlabeni jikelele.