Iindaba
Ingxoxo emfutshane malunga neentlobo zeeseli zelanga
Amandla elanga ayekade ekhuselwe kwiziphekepheke ezihambele phambili kunye nezinye izixhobo zodidi oluphezulu, kodwa ayisenjalo. Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, amandla elanga atshintshile ukusuka kumthombo wamandla we-niche ukuya kwintsika enkulu yembonakalo yamandla ehlabathi.
Umhlaba usoloko usesichengeni malunga ne-173,000TW yemitha yelanga, nto leyo ephindaphindwe kalishumi kunebango lombane lehlabathi.
[1] Oku kuthetha ukuba amandla elanga anamandla okuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zethu zamandla.
Kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2023, ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga kubalelwa kwi-5.77% yokuveliswa kwamandla e-US, ukusuka kwi-4.95% ngo-2022.
[2] Nangona amafutha efosili (ikakhulu irhasi yendalo namalahle) aya kuphendula ukuya kuthi ga kwi-60.4% yokuveliswa kwamandla e-US ngo-2022,
[3] Kodwa impembelelo ekhulayo yamandla elanga kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweteknoloji yamandla elanga ifanelwe ingqalelo.
Okwangoku, kukho iindidi ezintathu eziphambili zeeseli zelanga (ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziiseli ze-photovoltaic (PV)) kwintengiso: ikristale, ifilimu ebhityileyo, kunye nobuchwepheshe obuvelayo. Ezi ntlobo zintathu zeebhetri zineenzuzo zazo ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni kakuhle, iindleko, kunye nobomi.
01 ikristale
Uninzi lweepaneli zelanga eziphezu kophahla lwendlu zenziwe kwi-silicon ye-monocrystalline ephezulu. Olu hlobo lwebhetri lufumene ukusebenza kakuhle okungaphezulu kwe-26% kunye nobomi benkonzo obungaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 kwiminyaka yamuva.
[4] Ukusebenza kwangoku kweepaneli zelanga zekhaya malunga ne-22%.
I-silicon ye-polycrystalline ixabisa ngaphantsi kwe-silicon ye-monocrystalline, kodwa ayisebenzi kakuhle kwaye inobomi obufutshane. Ukusebenza okuphantsi kuthetha ukuba iipaneli ezininzi kunye nendawo eninzi iyafuneka.
Iiseli zelanga ngokusekelwe kwi-multi-junction gallium arsenide (GaAs) ubuchwepheshe busebenza ngakumbi kuneeseli zelanga zemveli. Ezi seli zinesakhiwo esine-multi-layer, kwaye umaleko ngamnye usebenzisa imathiriyeli eyahlukileyo, efana ne-indium gallium phosphide (GaInP), i-indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) kunye ne-germanium (Ge), ukufunxa amaza ahlukeneyo okukhanya kwelanga. Nangona ezi seli ze-multijunction zilindeleke ukuba zifezekise ukusebenza okuphezulu, zisabandezeleka kwiindleko eziphezulu zokuvelisa kunye nophando olungekavuthwa kunye nophuhliso, olunciphisa ukwenzeka kwabo kwezorhwebo kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo.
02 ifilimu
Eyona nto iphambili yeemveliso ze-photovoltaic zefilimu encinci kwimarike yehlabathi yi-cadmium telluride (CdTe) iimodyuli ze-photovoltaic. Izigidi zeemodyuli ezinjalo zifakwe kwihlabathi jikelele, kunye nencopho yokuvelisa amandla angaphezu kwe-30GW. Ikakhulu isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamandla okusebenza eMelika. umzi-mveliso.
Kule teknoloji yefilimu encinci, imodyuli ye-solar ye-1-square-meter iqulethe i-cadmium encinci kune-AAA-sized nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) ibhetri. Ukongezelela, i-cadmium kwiimodyuli zelanga ibophelelwe kwi-tellurium, engenakunyibilika emanzini kwaye ihlala izinzile kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu njenge-1,200 ° C. Ezi zinto zithomalalisa iingozi eziyityhefu zokusebenzisa i-cadmium telluride kwiibhetri zefilimu encinci.
Umxholo we-tellurium kwi-crust yomhlaba yi-0.001 kuphela inxalenye kwisigidi. Kanye njengeplatinam yinto enqabileyo, ukunqaba kwe-tellurium kunokuchaphazela kakhulu iindleko zemodyuli ye-cadmium telluride. Nangona kunjalo, kuyenzeka ukunciphisa le ngxaki ngokusetyenziswa kwakhona.
Ukusebenza kweemodyuli ze-cadmium telluride kunokufikelela kwi-18.6%, kwaye ukusebenza kwebhetri kwindawo yebhubhoratri kunokugqithisa i-22%. [5] Ukusebenzisa i-arsenic doping ukutshintsha i-doping yobhedu, esetyenziswe ixesha elide, inokuphucula kakhulu ubomi bemodyuli kwaye ifikelele kwinqanaba elifaniswa neebhetri ze-crystal.
03Ubugcisa obuvelayo
I-teknoloji ye-photovoltaic ekhulayo esebenzisa iifilimu ze-ultra-thin (ngaphantsi kwe-1 micron) kunye neendlela zokubeka ngokuthe ngqo ziya kunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa kunye nokubonelela nge-semiconductors ephezulu yeeseli zelanga. Ezi teknoloji kulindeleke ukuba zibe ngabakhuphisanayo kwizinto ezisekiweyo ezifana ne-silicon, i-cadmium telluride kunye ne-gallium arsenide.
[6] Kukho iitekhnoloji ezintathu zefilimu ezibhityileyo ezaziwayo kule ntsimi: i-copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 okanye CZTS), i-zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) kunye ne-carbon nanotubes enye (SWCNT). Kwimeko yebhubhoratri, i-copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) iiseli zelanga ziye zafikelela kwintsebenzo encomekayo ye-22.4%. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphindaphinda amanqanaba okusebenza kakuhle kwinqanaba lezorhwebo kuhlala kungumngeni.
[7] I-Lead halide perovskite iiseli zefilim ezicekethekileyo zinomtsalane osakhulayo wobuchwepheshe belanga. I-Perovskite luhlobo lwento enesakhiwo esiqhelekileyo se-crystal ye-chemical formula ABX3. Yiminerali emthubi, emdaka okanye emnyama eyinxalenye ephambili ye-calcium titanate (CaTiO3). Iiseli ze-solar ze-solar eziveliswe yinkampani yase-UK i-Oxford PV ziphumelele irekhodi ye-28.6% kwaye ziya kungena kwimveliso kulo nyaka.
[8] Kwiminyaka nje embalwa, iiseli zelanga ze-perovskite ziye zaphumelela ukusebenza ngokufana nezo zikhoyo iiseli ze-cadmium telluride thin-film. Kuphando lokuqala kunye nophuhliso lweebhetri ze-perovskite, ixesha lokuphila lalingumcimbi omkhulu, omfutshane kangangokuba unokubalwa kwiinyanga kuphela.
Namhlanje, iiseli ze-perovskite zinobomi benkonzo yeminyaka engama-25 okanye ngaphezulu. Okwangoku, iingenelo zeeseli zelanga ze-perovskite zisebenza kakuhle ukuguqulwa (ngaphezulu kwe-25%), iindleko eziphantsi zokuvelisa kunye nokushisa okuphantsi okufunekayo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa.
Ukwakha iiphaneli zesola ezihlanganisiweyo
Ezinye iiseli zelanga ziyilelwe ukuba zibambe kuphela inxalenye yesolar spectrum ngelixa zivumela ukukhanya okubonakalayo kudlule. Ezi seli ezibonakalayo zibizwa ngokuba yi-dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) kwaye zazalelwa eSwitzerland ngo-1991. Iziphumo ezintsha ze-R & D kwiminyaka yakutshanje ziye zaphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwee-DSCs, kwaye kusenokungabi kudala ngaphambi kokuba ezi paneli zelanga zibe kwimarike.
Ezinye iinkampani zigalela i-nanoparticles kwi-polycarbonate layers yeglasi. I-nanoparticles kule teknoloji yokutshintsha iindawo ezithile ze-spectrum ukuya kumda weglasi, ivumela ukuba ininzi ye-spectrum idlule. Ukukhanya okugxininiswe emphethweni weglasi emva koko kufakwa iiseli zelanga. Ukongeza, itekhnoloji yokusebenzisa i-perovskite imathiriyeli yefilimu encinci kwiifestile zelanga ezicacileyo kunye neendonga zesakhiwo zangaphandle ziyafundwa ngoku.
Imathiriyeli ekrwada efunekayo kumandla elanga
Ukwandisa ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga, imfuno yokumbiwa kwemigodi yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-silicon, isilivere, ubhedu kunye ne-aluminium iya kwanda. ISebe lezaMandla lase-US lithi malunga ne-12% ye-silicon ye-metallurgical grade grade (MGS) icutshungulwa ibe yi-polysilicon kwiiphaneli zelanga.
I-China ngumdlali ophambili kweli candelo, ivelisa malunga ne-70% ye-MGS yehlabathi kunye ne-77% yobonelelo lwepolysilicon ngo-2020.
Inkqubo yokuguqula i-silicon ibe yipolysilicon ifuna amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu. E-China, amandla ezi nkqubo aphuma ikakhulu kumalahle. I-Xinjiang inezixhobo ezininzi zamalahle kunye neendleko zombane eziphantsi, kwaye imveliso yayo ye-polysilicon yenza i-45% yemveliso yehlabathi.
[12] Ukuveliswa kweephaneli zelanga kudla malunga ne-10% yesilivere yehlabathi. Ukumbiwa kwesilivere kwenzeka ikakhulu eMexico, eChina, ePeru, eChile, eOstreliya, eRashiya nasePoland kwaye kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinjengongcoliseko lwentsimbi enzima kunye nokufuduswa ngenkani koluntu lwasekuhlaleni.
Ukwembiwa kobhedu kunye ne-aluminiyam nako kubangela imiceli mngeni yokusetyenziswa komhlaba. I-US Geological Survey iphawula ukuba iChile yenza i-27% yemveliso yobhedu yehlabathi, ilandelwa yiPeru (10%), iChina (8%) kunye neDemocratic Republic of Congo (8%). I-International Energy Agency (IEA) ikholelwa ukuba ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kwihlabathi jikelele kufikelela kwi-100% ngo-2050, imfuno yobhedu kwiiprojekthi zelanga iya phantse kathathu.
[13] Isiphelo
Ngaba amandla elanga ngenye imini aya kuba ngowona mthombo wethu wamandla? Ixabiso lamandla elanga liyawa kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kuyaphucuka. Okwangoku, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zeteknoloji yelanga ukukhetha kuzo. Siya kuchonga nini itekhnoloji enye okanye ezimbini kwaye sizenze zisebenze ngokwenene? Indlela yokudibanisa amandla elanga kwigridi?
Inguquko yamandla elanga ukusuka kwikhethelo ukuya kwisiqhelo iqaqambisa amandla ayo okuhlangabezana nokugqitha iimfuno zethu zamandla. Ngelixa iiseli zekristali zelanga zilawula imarike ngoku, ukuqhubela phambili kwitekhnoloji yefilimu encinci kunye nobuchwepheshe obuvelayo obufana ne-cadmium telluride kunye ne-perovskites zivula indlela yosetyenziso olusebenza ngakumbi kunye noludibeneyo lwelanga. Amandla elanga asajongene nemingeni emininzi, njengempembelelo yokusingqongileyo yemigodi yempahla eluhlaza kunye neebhotile kwimveliso, kodwa emva kwayo yonke into, lishishini elikhula ngokukhawuleza, elitsha nelithembisayo.
Ngolungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo lwenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe kunye nezenzo ezizinzileyo, ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lwamandla elanga kuya kuvula indlela yekamva elicocekileyo, elinamandla amaninzi. Ngenxa yoku, iya kubonisa ukukhula okubonakalayo kumxube wamandla ase-US kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ibe sisisombululo esizinzileyo sehlabathi.